Arctic terns are extraordinarily tough. They have to be, considering they make the longest migratory journey of any bird — a round trip of at least 35,000 kilometres from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to their wintering grounds in the Antarctic.

But they aren’t exclusively Arctic birds. A pocket of them nest much farther south than the tundra or boreal forest, along the shore of the North Atlantic coast from New England north. One of these places is Machias Seal Island, which was once home to about 2,000 pairs of Arctic terns, making it the largest colony of its kind in North America.

Today, however, only about 475 pairs of terns remain on the island, their numbers diminished in large part by the presence of gulls, which hunt tern eggs and have wildlife managers at their wit’s end trying to prevent more losses.

They’ve tried everything from destroying gull nests and gull eggs to scaring the birds away using slingshots, paintball guns and a plethora of pyrotechnics. “We tried about every non-lethal method of control we could think of to protect the tern colony, and every method failed,” says Lauren Scopel, a PhD candidate at the Atlantic Laboratory for Avian Research at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton.

Scopel and Tony Diamond, an emeritus research professor in wildlife ecology who heads the laboratory, both believe that the only way the Arctic terns on Machias Seal Island can be protected is by killing some of the gulls outright — a strategy known as lethal control. “Many people aren’t comfortable with the idea of killing one animal to save another,” says Scopel, who acknowledges that lethal control represents a classic ethical concern for wildlife managers. “But in this case, you choose to shoot gulls or you choose to let that colony disappear.”

In 2006, it seemed as if the colony on Machias Seal Island had disappeared. The island, which normally resounded with the high-pitched shrieking of terns protecting their young from predators, went eerily silent as the birds abandoned the nests they had been returning to each year. That they did so was the result of several factors, including a shortage of herring (their primary fatty food source), bad weather during nesting season and the growing problem of gull predation.

Lethal control, which had been employed for decades both formally by Canadian Wildlife Service wardens and informally by some of the lighthouse keepers on the island, had been suspended in 2000 by the Canadian Wildlife Service. Diamond says the suspension occurred because of a change in federal long-gun regulations in the late 1990s, which made it impossible to get permits in a timely manner. He and Scopel cite the lack of lethal control during this time as the main reason the terns abandoned the colony six years later. Terns would return and attempt to nest on the island in the years following, but the eggs make for easy food for the gulls without enough terns present to defend them.

Arctic tern chicks were not successfully fledged on the island again until 2014, after lethal control was reintroduced — a move prompted by Scopel’s experience on the island in 2013. During one day of the field research season that year, she spent hours running across the island shooting at gulls with a paintball gun (given to her by the Canadian Wildlife Service) as the birds picked off tern eggs. By the end of the day, the gulls remained completely unaffected by the paintballs and the majority of the Arctic tern colony had been decimated. “Terns make a call that sounds like a baby crying when there’s a predator in the colony,” says Scopel. “So for six or seven hours that day I heard nothing but screaming terns.”

She immediately wrote to Diamond about the experience and the need for lethal control on the island. Diamond forwarded her message to Canadian Wildlife Service managers, and soon after, a permit for the lethal control of gulls had been issued. “That was a surprise,” says Scopel. “For 13 years they had said no, and then this time was different. They decided it was worth trying.”

Despite their success in having lethal control reinstated, Diamond and Scopel fear that they could still lose permission to use it on the island because of the practice’s negative public image. “It’s a sensitive issue here,” says Diamond. “Partly because of tight gun controls, but also because if it was widely known, one letter from an activist could bring it to a halt.”

Until they published a paper in defence of lethal control in 2017, Diamond and Scopel hadn’t widely advertised their activities on Machias Seal Island because they were concerned about the public reaction. But they both say they don’t want to be operating in the shadows anymore. Instead, they want to have a real discussion about the value of lethal control and, more specifically, about how losing it could be the last nail in the coffin for the larger regional population of Arctic terns.

Diamond suspects gull predation may have been made worse in recent years because of intensive lobster fishing in the disputed area, which is known as the grey zone. With the price of lobster nearly tripling over the last decade, fishermen from both sides of the border toss their traps into the waters of this zone.

The practice has occasionally led to tensions flaring between fishermen, but it has also attracted gulls, which are drawn by the old bait that often gets tossed overboard when the lobster traps are hauled up. Diamond calls Machias Seal Island and the surrounding waters a “subsidized fast food joint” that the gulls are in no rush to leave. 

Currently, Diamond’s team has a permit from the Canadian Wildlife Service to bring in a licensed nuisance animal control officer to shoot up to 10 gulls each year. Strict rules about when and how to identify and eliminate “problem gulls” are followed. It’s a different process than culling or targeting an entire population indiscriminately to reduce numbers. “The problem isn’t even about the number of gulls,” says Diamond. “It’s behavioural. This is about discouraging bad behaviour by individual naughty gulls.”

Two years after the Machias Seal Island Arctic tern colony failed in 2006, Scopel began working with the Audubon Project Puffin seabird restoration program in Bremen, Maine. She says that in the United States, wildlife managers take a more hands-on approach to managing gulls. “We are not permitted to have a firearm on the island at all times as they do at American colonies,” says Scopel. She believes that if she and her colleagues were able to shoot the “problem gulls” themselves as they are identified, there would be a much better chance at Arctic tern chicks fledging, and likely fewer gulls shot in the long run. “My fondest wish would be for us to have a gun full time,” she says.

Brian Benedict, the manager of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Maine Coastal Islands National Wildlife Refuge, which encompasses an area around Machias Seal Island, says lethal control of gulls is the most important tool he has to restore and maintain seabird colonies at their historic nesting islands. He says in addition to Machias Seal Island, lethal control was used to restore seabird colonies on Petit Manan, Seal, Pond, Ship and Metinic islands, to name but a few.

But Garry Donaldson, the manager of wildlife assessment and protected areas for the Canadian Wildlife Service’s Atlantic region, says that rather than attempting to maintain a population of seabirds at the colony level, the Canadian Wildlife Service is currently looking more broadly at the marine ecosystem as a whole. His concern is that encouraging birds such as the Arctic tern to stay on an island that no longer favours the population creates an ecological trap.

“Are we trying to control nature or support nature?” he asks. By avoiding the more hands-on lethal control, he says, wildlife managers can avoid the dilemma of valuing one species over another. Donaldson cites the case of The Brothers Islands Wildlife Management Area off the southwest tip of Nova Scotia as an example of letting nature take its course. Last year, endangered roseate terns abandoned the two islands, where for years the Canadian Wildlife Service has been managing gulls by using nonlethal control. “When those birds abandon the colony, it’s not like they all fly out to sea and die,” he says. “They move to different islands.”

But Scopel and Diamond see it differently. “Most of the terns did move south to colonies that were more secure,” says Scopel of the terns’ abandonment of Machias Seal Island in 2006. “But without Machias Seal Island, which has historically been the largest Arctic tern colony, it made the entire regional population unstable.”