When charged particles from eruptions on the sun reach Earth’s atmosphere, green and red flashes of light appear across the sky beneath the auroral oval. Astronauts onboard the International Space Station (ISS) get a unique view of the auroras — from the side. Last January, the ISS crew members photographed a very active aurora borealis above Manitoba.

Earth isn’t the only planet in our solar system to have auroras. Astronomers have observed auroral ovals on Saturn and Jupiter. In 2009, the Hubble Space Telescope caught an image of auroras on both of Saturn’s poles. Saturn’s northern auroral oval is slightly smaller and more intense than the planet’s southern one. From this, astronomers have deduced that Saturn’s magnetic field is not evenly distributed across the planet.

Cassini, a NASA spacecraft launched 15 years ago, recorded Saturn’s northern aurora over four days in 2009. The images provided the first visible-light video of Saturn’s auroras. Originally black and white, scientists added orange to the film to make the moving light stand out against the backdrop. The colour of Saturn’s auroras remains a mystery.